Dr Pat O’Callaghan looks at the prevalence, diagnosis and optimal management of iron deficiency in heart failure patients
As many as 50 per cent of heart failure patients are iron deficient.
In patients with heart failure, iron deficiency correlates with decreased exercise capacity, with poor quality of life and predicts worse outcomes.
Iron deficiency is easily measured and intravenous iron supplementation in iron deficient patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has been shown in clinical trials to improve quality of life.
Iron deficiency affects more than two billion people worldwide and is the most common form of malnutrition that exists. Up to 9 per cent of women are iron deficient.
Iron deficiency can occur with a normal haemoglobin level, ie, in the absence of anaemia.
Iron deficiency in heart failure is multifactorial and mechanisms include both reduced dietary intake, reduced gastrointestinal absorption, particularly from intestinal interstitial oedema, and increased iron loss from gastritis and duodenitis. Frequent blood sampling may play a part.
Studies have shown iron deficiency in heart failure patients exists in both anaemia and non-anaemic patients, in both acute and stable heart failure patients. Iron deficiency is commoner in HFrEF than heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
Circulating ferritin is a reliable indicator of iron stores. A ferritin level of <100?g/L is considered to reflect absolute iron deficiency in heart failure. Lower levels of ferritin correlate with more depleted iron stores.
The second type of iron deficiency is functional iron deficiency, in which the availability of iron for metabolic processes is restricted, despite preserved iron stores. This is characterised by low transferrin saturation (TSAT).
The accepted criteria for iron deficiency in patients with heart failure are serum ferritin less than 100?/L defined as absolute iron deficiency or serum ferritin 100-300?g/L, in combination with a TSAT of <20 per cent, which is considered functional iron deficiency.
In patients with HFrEF, iron deficiency is associated with impaired aerobic performance, as assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Similar effects have been seen in patients with HFpEF.
Iron deficiency is also associated with decreased health-related quality of life, as assessed by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. In both HFrEF and HFpEF, iron deficiency predicts increased long-term all-cause mortality, independent of the presence of anaemia.
Oral iron supplementation is considered insufficient in heart failure patients with iron deficiency because the response to treatment is frequently suboptimal. The superiority of IV iron over oral iron as a faster, more efficient source of iron replacement in heart failure patients has been demonstrated.
The commonest IV iron formulation administered in patients with heart failure is ferric carboxymaltose. This brings rapid and high-dose replenishment of depleted iron stores after administration of a single dose of IV ferric carboxymaltose equivalent to 100-1,000mg of iron.
In the two major clinical trials looking at iron replacement in heart failure, FAIR-HF and CONFIRM-HF, ferric carboxymaltose was administered according to the subjects’ weight and haemoglobin level at screening.
There are other available IV iron formulations, including iron sucrose, iron dextran and iron isomaltose, however, to date only small studies have been performed on clinical improvement.
FAIR–HF and CONFIRM-HF
The benefits of iron replenishment have been tested most importantly in two large, multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, in which iron therapy improved primary outcomes.
The weight of evidence in particular from the two trials has led guideline groups to recommend IV iron therapy in heart failure, independent of haemoglobin level
In FAIR-HF (Ferinject Assessment in patients with Iron deficiency and chronic Heart Failure), 459 patients with heart failure and iron deficiency were studied. Both New York Heart Association (NYHA) class and self-reported Patient Global Assessment (PGA) improved in those subjects randomised to ferric carboxymaltose. This was independent of the presence of anaemia.
The results were replicated in the ferric carboxymaltose evaluation on performance in patients with iron deficiency in combination with chronic heart failure (CONFIRM-HF) trial, a study of 304 patients with heart failure and iron deficiency.
In patients treated with IV iron, there was an improvement in NYHA class, fatigue score, and quality of life questionnaires compared with the placebo group. The number of deaths and adverse events was comparable in both groups, though a post-hoc analysis suggested that treatment with IV iron may have reduced the combined risk of first hospitalisation for worsening heart failure or all-cause death.
The weight of evidence in particular from the two trials has led guideline groups to recommend IV iron therapy in heart failure, independent of haemoglobin level.
The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines from 2016 recommend measuring both ferritin and TSAT in the initial assessment of a patient with newly-diagnosed heart failure. Treatment with IV iron is recommended when ferritin is <100?g/L, or if ferritin is between 100 and 299?g/L and TSAT <20 per cent.
Several questions remain with this relatively new treatment in heart failure. Most patient with heart failure studied had HFrEF, so whether IV iron is of benefit in patients with HFpEF is unclear. The ongoing FAIR-HFpEF trial will help clarify this.
Also, the efficacy and safety of IV iron in the inpatient setting in acute HF is unknown. Finally, the use/benefit of other IV iron preparations apart from ferric carboxymaltose is as yet unclear.
In summary
In summary, iron deficiency is common in patients with heart failure and is probably under-diagnosed in clinical practice. Several trials of IV iron replacement have suggested benefits on exercise capacity and symptoms, but not on harder outcomes, including mortality. Ongoing trials will provide further evidence as to the long-term effects of such treatment on mortality and hospitalisation, as well as efficacy in HFpEF patients.
