A Clinical Synopsis Of Allergic Rhinitis, Including Prevention And Treatment Options
Allergic rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal passages caused by an allergen, such as pollen, dust, mould, or skin flakes from certain animals. Hay fever is a type of allergic rhinitis caused by pollen or spores. Hay fever affects the nose, sinuses, throat, and eyes. Hay fever usually occurs during the spring and summer months. Exactly when it occurs depends on which pollens the person is allergic to. From May to July, grass and flowers are in pollen, so this is the most common time for hay fever.
The most common type of allergic rhinitis is hay fever, so I will refer to hay fever commonly in this article. Trees, grass and plants release pollen as part of their reproductive process. Mould and fungi also release tiny reproductive particles called spores, which also cause allergies. People with hay fever can experience symptoms at various times of the year, depending on which pollens or spores they are allergic to. Grass is the most common allergen implicated with symptoms of hay fever.
Hay fever is a common condition that affects around 20 per cent of the population. It is more likely if there is a family history of allergies, particularly asthma or eczema. It is estimated that up to 50 per cent of asthmatics and up to 30 per cent of eczema sufferers also have allergic rhinitis.
Hay fever usually begins in the early teens and peaks when a person is in their 20s. SYMPTOMS Symptoms of hay fever include sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes, nasal congestion, itching in the throat, eyes and ears, and swelling around the eyes. Patients with asthma often find that asthma symptoms, such as wheezing and breathlessness, get worse when they have hay fever as well. Sometimes, asthma symptoms only occur during the hay fever season.
ALLERGIC REACTION
Allergic rhinitis is an autoimmune condition, so symptoms occur when the immune system over-reacts to a normally harmless substance, ie, pollen. When the body encounters an allergen, cells in the lining of the nose, mouth and eyes release histamine, triggering the symptoms of an allergic reaction.
PROGNOSIS
Hay fever cannot be cured completely. Data suggests children sometimes improve with age, although many have persistent and worsening symptoms. In adults, the condition is usually persistent, with some improvement in older age. Hay fever can cause serious symptoms if left untreated. Total nasal obstruction may cause sleep apnoea, frequent sinus infections, interference with daytime breathing, and ear infections.
Seasonal vs perennial hay fever
If allergen exposure is seasonal, the most likely culprits are tree, flower and grass pollen and the symptoms are predictable and reproducible. Seasonal allergic rhinitis may therefore be diagnosed by the history alone. By comparison, classic perennial allergic rhinitis is associated with nasal symptoms that occur for more than two hours per day and for more than nine months of the year. Perennial allergic rhinitis usually reflects allergy to indoor allergens, like dust mites and animal fur. In perennial allergic rhinitis, nasal congestion is common, while itchy and streaming eyes is less frequent.
Pollen count
Hay fever symptoms are likely to be worse if the pollen count is high. This is not determined simply by how many flowers there are, but also by the weather. The amount of sunshine, rain or wind affects how much pollen plants release. Hay fever symptoms tend to begin when the pollen count is over 50. The pollen count is highest in the early evening, so hay fever sufferers are advised to avoid going outdoors at this time. On humid and windy days, pollen spreads easily. On rainy days, pollen may be cleared from the air, causing levels to fall.
Sometimes, asthma symptoms only occur during the hay fever season
DIAGNOSIS
To determine if a patient has allergic rhinitis, the doctor will ask questions to determine cause and type of allergy, including the time of day and year the rhinitis occurs (to distinguish seasonal and perennial rhinitis); family history of allergies; medical history; information about medication used, including decongestants, which can cause a rebound effect; and information on pets. The doctor will examine the inside of the nose with an instrument called a speculum. The eyes, ears, and chest may also be examined. Skin tests may be performed. Patients are usually tested for a panel of common allergens.
Skin tests are rarely needed to diagnose mild seasonal allergic rhinitis, since the cause is usually obvious. The skin test is not appropriate for children younger than age three years. Patients should not take antihistamines for 12-to-72 hours prior to the skin test, otherwise the allergy will not show up. Tiny amounts of suspected allergens are applied to the skin with a needle-prick or scratch. The patient is tested with selected diagnostic vaccines of tree, grass, or weed pollen, mould, house dust mite, and/or animal allergens. A hive will develop at the skin test site within 20 minutes if there is an allergy.
Skin allergy tests are popular because they are convenient and inexpensive. They are not 100 per cent accurate. The doctor may take a nasal smear. The nasal secretion is examined microscopically for factors that might indicate a cause, such as increased numbers of white blood cells, indicating infection, or high eosinophil count. High eosinophil counts indicate an allergic condition. Blood tests for IgE immunoglobulin production may also be performed. One test is called the radioallergosorbent test (RAST), used to detect increased levels of allergen-specific IgE in response to particular allergens. Further tests may involve a CT scan or a nasal endoscope.
TREATMENT
People suffering from hay fever need to try to reduce exposure to triggers such as pollen and dust. I will deal with tips on how to reduce exposure to triggers later in this article. As total avoidance of triggers is impossible, medication is often needed to control symptoms. Treatment in advance of first symptoms is an important aspect of management of hay fever, for example, starting treatment in April prior to the normal summer increase in pollen count. There are many treatments available to relieve the symptoms. These include antihistamine tablets, nasal sprays, and eye drops. Some can only be prescribed by a GP, but many are available over the counter (OTC) in pharmacies.
ANTIHISTAMINES
Antihistamines are the most frequently used oral medicines for the treatment of hay fever. Many are available without prescription and are a reasonable first-line choice for many patients. They are effective in relieving eye symptoms, runny nose, sneezing and nasal irritation, but have a negligible effect on nasal congestion. Antihistamines are useful in patients with troublesome symptoms at multiple sites, ie, itching of roof of the mouth, throat, or eyes. However, antihistamines may have side-effects and drug interactions. There are two main groups of antihistamines: First generation, and second generation.
FIRST-GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINES (‘SEDATIVE’)
Sedation is the most common sideeffect of these drugs and may affect the patient’s ability to drive and operate machinery and concentrate. They should not be used in patients with prostatic hypertrophy or narrow-angle glaucoma. Tolerance to their side-effects may develop. Chlorpheniramine (Piriton) is available over the counter in pharmacies. Chlorpheniramine can cause mild drowsiness.
Immunotherapy is only used in patients with severe symptoms and must be done by a specialist
SECOND-GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINES (‘NON-SEDATIVE’)
Examples include desloratadine, fexofenadine, levocetirizine, loratadine and cetirizine. They only require oncedaily dosage and are non-drowsy. Loratadine and cetirizine have long been available over the counter without prescription. As of 2021, fexofenadine 120mg (Telfast) is available without prescription over the counter in pharmacies in consultation with a pharmacist. The non-sedating antihistamines are fast-acting, have no reported cardiac side-effects, and are not affected by the presence of food in the stomach. However, loratadine is best avoided in elderly patients and patients with liver problems.
DECONGESTANTS
Decongestants have a limited role in hay fever and should be reserved for periods of severe nasal congestion. Nasal decongestants sprays and drops such as xylometazoline (ie, Otrivine) should not be used for longer than three-to-five days due to rebound congestion, which makes the problem worse.
CORTICOSTEROIDS
Nasal drops and sprays reduce inflammation and swelling of the nasal mucosa and in normal dosage, sideeffects are minimal. It is best to start treatment a few weeks before the season begins. All corticosteroid nasal sprays appear to have similar efficacy. Fluticasone (ie, Nasofen), beclomethasone (ie, Beconase), triamcinolone (ie, Nasocort), and mometasone (ie, Nasonex) are the most regularly used. People find the once-daily dosage regimen of fluticasone, triamcinolone and mometasone convenient. Side-effects are mild and transient and consist of nasal irritation and stinging, dryness, sneezing, sore throat, nosebleeds and fungal overgrowth. They should be avoided during nasal infections. Flixonase and Beconase are available to buy over the counter in pharmacies. Oral steroids, ie, prednisolone, or depot injections, ie, triamcinolone (Kenalog), are only prescribed for certain groups of patients, such as those doing exams or those with severe continuous symptoms despite adequate standard therapies.
OTHERS
Ipratropium bromide nasal spray (ie, Rinatec) may be prescribed where runny nose is the predominant symptom. It does not relieve itching, sneezing or nasal blockage. Azelastine (ie, Rhinolast) is a prescription- only nasal antihistamine spray with a rapid onset of action. It may provide an effective and safe alternative to oral medications. Otrivine Antistin eye drops are fast-acting antihistamine eye drops available over the counter.
HAY FEVER AND PREGNANCY
Topical corticosteroids (sprays and drops) should be used in preference to antihistamine tablets if drug treatment is needed. Topical corticosteroids can be used, but high doses of oral corticosteroids should be avoided. Sodium cromoglycate is safe to use. The sedating antihistamines chlorpheniramine (Piriton) and promethazine (Phenergan) may be prescribed in severe cases and only if topical treatment is ineffective.
IMMUNOTHERAPY
Immunotherapy is the use of allergen vaccines containing house dust mite, animal fur or extracts of grass or tree pollen. By gradually increasing the patient’s exposure to the allergen that causes the allergy, the patient becomes tolerant to it. Immunotherapy is only used in patients with severe symptoms and must be done by a specialist. However, long-term relief can be achieved. Grazax is a grass pollen extract available in tablet form, which is now available on prescription for patients who have failed to respond to other hay fever treatments. Grazax must be started at least four months before pollen season and should be continued for up to three years.
Generally, the pollen count is highest in the early evening, so try to avoid going outside around this time
PREVENTION
The pollen count is often given with TV, radio, Internet, or newspaper weather forecasts. If it is humid or windy, the pollen count is likely to be higher. Generally, the pollen count is highest in the early evening, so try to avoid going outside around this time. Keep windows and doors shut in the house and if it gets too warm, try drawing the curtains to keep out the sun and keep the temperature down. Avoid cutting grass, playing, walking, or camping in grassy areas. Change clothes and take a shower after being outdoors to remove pollen from the body. Wear wrap-around sunglasses to stop pollen getting in the eyes when outdoors. Keep car windows closed and consider buying a pollen filter for the air vents in the car. Keep fresh flowers out of the house, and vacuum (ideally using a machine with a HEPA filter) and damp-dust regularly. Do not smoke, and stop other people from smoking in your house. Smoke irritates the lining of the nose, eyes, throat, and airways, which can make symptoms worse. Keep pets out of the house during the hay fever season; if pets normally come indoors, wash them regularly to remove any pollen.
ASTHMA AND ITS LINK TO CONDITIONS LIKE HAY FEVER
The exact cause of asthma is not known. According to the Asthma Insights and Realities in Ireland (AIRI) report in 2002, 470,000 people have asthma in Ireland, meaning approximately one-in-eight of the population suffer from it. Ireland has the fourth-highest prevalence of asthma in the world after Australia, New Zealand, and the UK. The Irish Pharmaceutical Healthcare Association (IPHA) reported there were 600,000 GP consultations for asthma in 1997, and it is likely this figure has risen since. There is a strong genetic link. If a parent has asthma, the risk of their child getting it doubles. If both parents have it, it doubles again. And if one person in a family has asthma, the risk of the other children getting it increases, but it is not known by how much. In adults, it is more common in women than men. Asthma can start at any age, but most commonly starts in childhood. Adult-onset asthma may develop after a respiratory tract infection. In many cases, asthma disappears during teenage years. Many asthma sufferers also suffer from other allergic conditions, such as hay fever, eczema and hives. Asthmatics who also have hay fever find that their symptoms get worse during hay fever season. In fact, research by allergy UK found that 69 per cent of asthmatics who also had hay fever found their symptoms worsened during hay fever season. Asthma has become more common in recent years. The incidence of asthma among 13- and 14-year-olds has increased by 40 per cent from 1995 to 2003. The exact reason for this is not known. Many aspects of modern living, such as changes in housing, diet and a more sterile home environment, may have contributed to the rise in asthma over recent decades. This theory is called the ‘hygiene hypothesis’.
ALLERGIC RHINITIS AND ASTHMA (ARIA) GUIDELINES
The ARIA guidelines were developed during a World Health Organisation (WHO) workshop in 1999 by a panel of experts. They were updated in 2008. The ARIA guidelines have changed the terms that were traditionally used to describe allergic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis is no longer described as seasonal when it occurs during the summer months and perennial when it occurs all-year-round.
INSTEAD, ALLERGIC RHINITIS CAN EITHER BE: ?
- Intermittent: Symptoms are present for up to four days a week, or for up to four weeks in a row; or ?
- Persistent: Symptoms are present for more than four days a week, or for more than four weeks in a row.
These terms have been changed to better reflect the reality of people’s symptoms. Previously, ‘seasonal’ used to mean an allergic reaction at a particular time of the year, usually caused by outdoor allergens, such as pollen. ‘Perennial’ meant that the allergic reaction symptoms lasted all year, and were usually caused by indoor allergens, such as dust mites. Pollen can be present and cause allergic reaction symptoms throughout the year, and those with allergies to all-year-round allergens, such as dust mites, may not have their symptoms all-year-round. ?
References upon request Disclaimer: Brands mentioned in this article are meant as examples only and not meant as preference to other brands.
